UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  agricultural  Experiment  Station 

COLLEGE   OF  AGRICULTURE  E-  J-  WiCKSON.  director 

BERKELEY,  CALIFORNIA 


CIRCULAR   NO.  71 

(November,  1911) 


GRAINS   RECOMMENDED   FOR  TRIAL 

By  G.  W.  SHAW 


For  several  years  the  University  of  California  Experiment  Station 
has  had  under  trial  a  large  number  of  varieties  of  wheat,  oats,  and 
barley.  As  a  result  of  these  tests,  a  limited  amount  of  the  seed  from 
several  of  the  more  promising  varieties  are  offered  for  wider  trial  the 
present  season.  The  varieties  on  hand  which  are  recommended  for 
trial  by  growers  are  listed  below,  together  with  a  brief  description  of 
each  of  the  types  and  the  performance  record  of  each  on  the  cereal 
stations  of  the  University.  All  of  the  wheats  have  been  grown  in 
competition  with  White  Australian,  which  was  the  variety  used  upon 
the  check  plats.  The  oats  have  been  tried  against  the  Texas  Red,  and 
the  barleys  against  the  common  six-row  type. 

These  new  grains  have  not  as  yet  all  been  pedigreed,  but  they  are 
considered  worthy  of  dissemination  in  their  present  condition. 

The  price  of  the  grains,  f.  o.  b.  Davis,  Cal.,  will  be  three  (3)  cents 
per  pound  in  100-pound  lots;  five  cents  per  pound  for  less  than  100- 
pound  lots.  No  more  than  100  pounds  will  be  sold  to  one  party.  Ap- 
plications for  these  grains  should  be  addressed  to  G.  W.  Shaw,  Univer- 
sity Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Berkeley,  Cal. 

WHEATS 

Bobs  (Cal.  No.  779). — Bobs  wheat  is  a  tall,  erect,  beardless,  com- 
pact growing  variety.  The  foliage  is  erect,  dark  green  in  color,  but  not 
very  abundant.  The  straw,  when  ripe,  is  white,  as  is  also  the  smooth 
chaff.  It  makes  a  good  winter  growth  under  California  conditions 
and  stands  up  well,  although  the  straw  is  only  medium  stout,  and 
matures  medium  early.  The  grain  is  small,  plump,  pearly,  and  very 
heavy.  It  belongs  to  the  strong  white  class  and  carries  an  unusually 
good  gluten  content  for  a  white  wheat,  making  it  admirably  adapted 
for  blending  in  the  manufacture  of  flour. 


Bobs  is  a  distinct  hybrid,  resulting  from  a  crossing  of  Blount's 
Lambrigg  wheat  with  the  bald  and  beardless  (Nepaul)  barley.  The 
variety  was  developed  in  New  South  Wales,  1898.  and  immediately 
took  high  rank  as  a  distinct  improvement  in  the  white  milling  wheats. 

In  New  South  Wales  reports  give  the  milling  characteristics  of 
this  wheat  as  follows :    "  It  is  a  splendid  milling  wheat,  giving  a  good 


Fig.  i.     Bobs  Wheat. 


Fig.  2.     Bobs  Wheat, 
full  s;ze. 


proportion  of  strong  flour,  quite  as  strong  as  the  Fife  wheats,  which 
it  resembles  very  strongly  in  its  behavior  in  the  mill,  and  if  properly 
conditioned  yields  its  flour  readily  and  in  good  quantity;  produces  a 
straight  grade  flour,  of  high  baking  quality,  being  of  high  color,  good 
gluten  content,  and  very  strong."  .  .  .  "but  the  loaves  were  not 
quite  as  large.  Further  evidence  in  this  direction  is  afforded  by  the 
fact  that  for  several  years  past  it  has  been  placed  as  the  Champion 
Milling  Wheat  of  New  South  Wales  at  the  Royal  Agricultural  Show. 
Sydney. ' ' 

At  the  University  Farm  at  Davis  this  wheat  has  not  been  under 
as  favorable  trial  conditions  as  most  of  the  varieties  on  account  of 
its  unfortunate  location  in  the  field,  still  it  has  made  a  very  favorable 
showing  since  it  has  become  acclimated,  and  has  been  improving  each 
year.  The  average  yield  since  1908,  inclusive,  has  been  35.3  bushels 
per  acre. 

This  wheat  should  make  a  distinctly  valuable  addition  to  the  mill- 
ing wheats  of  California.  It  is  said  to  produce  a  hay  of  which  stock 
is  very  fond  and  a  tender  straw  that  is  also  well  relished.  It  is 
certainly  an  excellent  general  purpose  variety. 

Fretes  (Cal.  No.  799). — Fretes  wheat  is  a  free-stooling,  prolific, 
semi-erect,  vigorous,  early,  bearded  wheat  that  may  be  seeded  medium 
late.  It  grows  to  a  height  of  three  to  four  and  one-half  feet  and  stools 
fairly  freely.  It  has  a  white  chaff  which  does  not  enclose  the  grain 
very  tenaciously,  although  it  compares  favorably  with  White  Austra- 
lian in  this  respect.  The  kernels  are  of  medium  size  and  length  and 
of  a  light  red  color. 

A  mill  test  of  this  wheat  was  made  by  the  Oakland  Milling  Com- 
pany, Oakdale,  California,  which  indicated  that  this  variety  was  of 
a  free-milling  character,  and  that  the  flour  from  the  sample  milled 
possessed  a  40  per  cent  wet  gluten  content  against  38  per  cent  for  the 
White  Australian  milled  at  the  same  time  and  grown  under  the  same 
conditions. 

The  seed  originally  came  from  Algeria,  and  it  is  particularly  noted 
for  its  early  maturity.  It  is  often  planted  in  Sahara  when  winter 
rains  occur  so  late  that  the  durum  varieties  would  not  have  time  to 
mature.  The  original  seed  was  grown  on  the  rather  salty  desert  sands 
and  was  watered  with  saline,  although  drinkable,  water. 

It  has  been  under  trial  upon  the  University  Station  since  1902. 
The  observations  made  as  to  its  adaptability  to  California  conditions 
indicate  that  it  is  a  heavier  yielding  variety  than  White  Australian 
and  is  of  fair  milling  quality. 


The  average  yield  of  Fretes,  as  compared  with  White  Australian, 
1908  to  1910,  inclusive,  under  the  same  conditions  on  the  University 
Station,  is  as  follows: 

Stanislaus 
County 

Fretes     46.5 

White  Australian    39.5 


Yolo 

Tulare 

County 

County 

45.1 

43.4 

35.5 

33.3 

Fig.  3.    Fretes  Wheat, 
three-fourths  size. 


Fig.  4.     Early  Baart, 
three-fourths  size. 


Early  Baart  (Cal.  No.  113).— This  is  a  bearded,  white-chaffed 
wheat,  which  has  a  field  appearance  much  resembling  Fretes.  It  is 
an  upright,  vigorous,  winter  grower,  which  stools  well  and  matures 
early.     It  differs  from  Fretes  in  possessing  a  white  berry,  which  is 


usually  of  good  quality  and  bushel  weight.  It  matures  a  few  days 
earlier  than  White  Australian.  It  has  proven  to  be  well  adapted  to 
the  light  soils  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  and  on  the  heavier  soils  of 
the  Sacramento  Valley  is  among  the  best  of  the  white  wheat  class. 
It  has  usually  produced  about  10  per  cent  more  than  White  Australian. 
Its  performance  record  has  been  as  follows : 

Bushels 
per  acre 

Stanislaus  County   26.9 

Yolo  County 45.8 

Tulare  County    47.0 


Fig.  5.     King's  Early, 
three-fourths  size. 


Fig.  6.     Galgalos, 
three-fourths  size. 


Fig.  7.     Kubanka, 
three- fourths  size. 


King's  Early  (Cal.  No.  592). — This  wheat  in  many  respects  re- 
sembles the  Early  Baart,  but  matures  about  a  week  earlier  than  either 
Baart  or  White  Austrlaian.  It  is  a  bearded  type  with  a  white  berry 
of  fair  quality  and  good  weight.  It  has  a  slight  tendency  to  smut  and 
consequently  the  seed  should  always  be  treated  with  bluestone  or  for- 
maldehdye  before  seeding.  This  type  has  usually  exceeded  White 
Australian  in  yield  and  equalled  it  in  quality. 

Yolo  Tulare 

County  County 

King's  Early  41.67  35.7 

White   Australian   35.01  33.21 

Galgalos  (Cal.  No.  631). — Galgalos  is  of  a  semi-spreading  growth, 
and  its  early  growth  is  only  medium  fast.  It  possesses  a  light  red 
chaff  which  holds  the  berry  well,  and  is  essentially  beardless.  The 
kernels  are  generally  white,  occasionally  with  a  distinctly  reddish 
tinge,  large,  heavy,  and  well  formed,  and  harder  than  those  of  White 
Australian  and  Bluestem.  It  is  a  type  that  should  be  seeded  early 
to  secure  the  best  results.  It  has  been  under  plat  trial  since  1907,  and 
has  yielded  well  when  under  favorable  conditions. 

Performance  Record  ^acre 

Stanislaus  County 32.3 

Yolo  County   34.3 

Tulare  County    32.6 

Chid  Wheat. — This  wheat  was  first  brought  to  this  country  by 
Mr.  E.  A.  Bessey  for  the  office  of  Seed  and  Plant  Introduction  in  1902. 
Of  this  variety  the  following  notes  were  made  by  Mr.  Bessey: 

"Chul  is  grown  on  the  steppes  of  Russia  without  irrigation.  The 
grains  are  hard,  but  it  is  not  durum  wheat.  This  variety  yields  two 
harvests  a  year,  for  it  can  be  sown  as  either  a  winter  or  spring  wheat. ' ' 

The  Station  distributed  its  first  seed  of  this  variety  to  farmers  in 
October,  1903. 

As  a  result  of  the  experiments  conducted  upon  the  University 
Farm  and  at  other  stations,  the  University  is  now  ready  to  recommend 
the  wide  planting  of  Chul  (California  No.  598)  wheat,  especially  in 
place  of  Club  and  Chili  wheats  in  the  Sacramento  Valley.  After  a 
number  of  years'  trial,  both  on  the  experimental  grounds  controlled 
by  the  University  and  in  co-operation  with  many  farmers,  this  wheat 
lias  been  found  to  meet  the  extreme  conditions  of  the  Sacramento 
Valley  exceedingly  well,  besides  being  of  milling  quality  much  superior 
to  Club,  but  not  to  White  Australian.     While  the  wheat  is  of  the 


bearded  type,  yet  it  differs  much  from  the  other  bearded  wheats  which 
California  farmers  have  tried. 

Chul  wheat  is  an  early,  erect,  and  vigorous  variety  which  grows 
to  a  height  of  three  to  four  feet.  The  wheat  stools  well  and  produces 
heads  which  are  medium  long,  tapering,  and  bearded.  In  appearance, 
the  growing  wheat  plant  much  resembles  the  well  known  Propo,  but 
the  berry  is  of  a  much  different  character,  being  darker  and  larger, 
as  well  as  harder.  One  particularly  desirable  feature  is  its  non- 
shattering  character.  It  will  stand  the  heavy  winds  of  the  Sacramento 
Valley  with  scarcely  any  loss  from  shattering.  The  kernels  are  large, 
long,  and  tapering,  and  of  a  translucent  character.  The  kernels  are 
much  harder  and  heavier  than  White  Australian.  They  resemble  the 
kernels  from  the  durum  Avheats,  although  the  wheat  is  not  a  durum. 
The  variety  is  one  that  has  a  long  seeding  period  and  it  can  be  planted 
as  late  as  the  middle  of  February  and  still  make  a  good  crop.  As  orig- 
inally introduced  it  carried  two  types  of  heads  and  two  types  of 
kernels.  One  type  possessed  a  white  chaff,  and  the  other  a  reddish 
brown  chaff.  The  one  type  of  kernel  was  light  amber  in  color,  and 
the  other  areddish  amber.  Both  of  these  types  are  still  to  be  found 
in  the  commercial  plantings  of  the  last  few  years.  There  is  practically 
no  Chul  of  a  single  pure  type  upon  the  market.  The  Station  has  now 
separated  two  types,  but  has  not  a  sufficient  quantity  of  perfectly 
uniform  type  to  offer  at  this  time.  In  its  ability  to  withstand  drought 
it  is  a  strong  rival  of  the  durum  wheats.  For  instance,  on  one  of  the 
experiment  stations  of  the  University  of  California  in  1908  it  yielded 
at  the  rate  of  63.3  bushels  per  acre  and  received  less  than  eight  inches 
of  rainfall  and  was  not  irrigated.  On  another  station  the  yield  was 
at  the  rate  of  63 Vo  bushels  per  acre,  with  only  ten  inches  of  rain,  and 
on  still  another  station,  at  the  rate  of  51  bushels  per  acre. 

Performance. — Chul  wheat  has  made  an  exceptionally  good  showing 
in  the  field  tests  both  on  the  stations  and  in  the  field  trials  of  farmers. 

It  has  been  tried  not  only  by  the  University  of  California,  but  also 
on  a  large  scale  by  a  considerable  number  of  farmers  in  the  vicinity 
of  Williams,  Arbuckle.  and  Maxwell  during  the  past  three  seasons. 
under  rather  adverse  conditions,  and  has  given  uniformly  good  results, 
although  it  had  no  rain  after  March  1st.  In  that  section  some  5000 
acres  of  this  wheat  was  grown  in  1911. 

The  numerous  farmers  who  have  grown  this  wheat  quite  generally 
report  an  increased  yield  of  from  two  to  four  sacks  per  acre  over  the 
common  types. 


8 

The  Milling  Quality. — While  the  average  gluten  (protein)  content 
of  Chul  is  about  1  per  cent  higher  than  the  wheats  commonly  grown 
in  California,  as  shown  by  the  following,  yet  the  millers  offer  some 
objection  to  it  because  of  its  hardness  and  the  fact  that  the  volume  of 
loaf  obtained  from  the  flour  is  slightly  less  than  some  other  wheats. 
But  to  offset  this,  its  yield  of  flour  is  somewhat  greater  and  the  absorp- 
tive capacity  of  the  flour  is  higher. 

The  milling  character  of  Chul  will  differ  with  individual  lots 
according  to  its  condition  of  culture,  mainly  time  of  seeding  and  the 
time  at  which  it  receives  moisture.  This  is  true  of  all  varieties  of 
wheat,  and  Chul  is  no  exception  in  this  case.  Each  lot  should  be 
judged  upon  its  own  merits  as  should  all  other  wheats. 

As  there  are  numerous  requests  for  this  type  it  may  be  said  that 
while  there  is  no  supply  of  the  uniform  type  to  be  had,  yet  the  writer 
will  he  glad  to  assist  farmers  to  secure  a  good  quality  of  the  seed  of  the 
commercial  grain. 

DURUM  WHEATS 

Kubanka  (Cal.  No.  743). — This  is  one  of  the  best  types  of  the 
durum  (or  macaroni)  class.  It  is  a  tall,  upright  growing  wheat,  with 
broad,  smooth  leaves,  but  rather  coarse  and  not  adapted  for  hay.  The 
heads  are  large,  well  formed,  and  very  heavily  bearded,  being  much 
more  so  than  the  ordinary  wheats,  giving  it  much  the  outward  ap- 
pearance of  barley.  All  this  class  of  wheats  stool  rather  lightly  and 
require  heavy  seeding.  The  kernel  is  relatively  large,  of  light  amber 
color  when  normal,  and  very  uniform.  The  grain  is  tightly  held  in 
the  chaff  and  resists  shattering.  It  matures  early  and  is  quite  resistant 
to  both  rust  and  smut.  On  account  of  the  fact  that  this  wheat  has 
been  used  mostly  in  a  special  experiment,  it  has  not  been  given  as 
favorable  a  test  as  the  other  types. 

The  habits  of  growing  of  this  and  other  types  of  the  durum  wheats 
adapt  them  to  regions  of  very  light  rainfall,  but  they  require  heat  and 
a  rich  soil,  although  they  are  notably  resistant  to  alkali.  They  are 
generally  regarded  as  spring  wheats,  but  in  California,  except  at 
the  high  altitudes,  they  should  be  seeded  in  the  winter  or  very  early 
spring. 

The  performance  record  of  this  variety  is  as  follows : 

Bushels 
per  acre 
Stanislaus  County    26.6 

Tulare  County    : 37.4 

Yolo  County  40.5 


Marouani  (Cal.  No.  639). — Marouani  is  an  excellent  grain  of  the 
durum  or  macaroni  type,  originally  imported  from  Algeria.  It  is 
regarded  as  one  of  the  best  durum  wheats  known.  In  its  general 
characteristics  it  is  quite  similar  to  Kubanka,  although  a  somewhat 
more  vigorous  grower.  It  is  heavily  bearded,  has  a  close  chaff,  does 
not  easily  shatter,  resists  drought,  rust,  and  smut  well,  and  can  be 
seeded  relatively  late  and  still  make  a  crop.  The  kernels  are  large, 
amber  when  normal,  hard  and  very  heavy.  The  grain  is  especially 
adapted  to  the  making  of  semolina,  and  it  should  be  well  suited  for 
the  manufacture  of  breakfast  foods.    Marouani  has  been  a  consistent 


Fig.  8.     Marouani, 
one-half  size. 


Fig.  9.    Velvet  Don, 
three-eighths  size. 


10 

high  yielding-  variety.     The  average  performance  record  on  the  Cali- 
fornia stations  has  been  as  follows : 

Bushels 
per  acre 

Stanislaus  County    39.9 

*Yolo  County   49.1 

Velvet  Don  (Cal.  No.  684). — This  is  a  heavily  bearded  variety  of 
the  durum  type.  It  is  a  very  vigorous  grower  which  withstands 
drought,  rust,  and  smut  excellently.  It  does  not  stool  heavily  and 
requires  rather  heavy  seeding.  It  does  not  easily  shatter  and  in  most 
respects  is  much  like  Kubanka,  but  the  spikelets  are  not  quite  as  closely 
set.  Its  grains  are  handsome,  large,  amber,  when  normal,  and  heavy. 
Its  yield  has  usually  been  very  good,  but  not  equal  to  that  of  Marouani. 

Performance  Eecord 

Bushels 
per  acre 

Stanislaus  County    23.5 

Yolo  County   44.2 

BARLEYS 

Beldi. — This  is  a  six-row  bearded  barley  with  a  bluish  berry.  The 
head  is  a  little  shorter  than  that  of  the  common  barley.  The  early 
growth  of  this  type  is  about  the  same  as  the  common  sort,  but  in  its 
ultimate  growth  it  is  not  quite  as  tall.  Beldi  matures  about  two  weeks 
earlier  than  the  common  barley,  which  is  a  feature  very  much  to  its 
advantage,  particularly  in  lessening  the  loss  from  shattering  and  in 
enabling  it  to  mature  with  a  smaller  water  supply,  as  well  as  in  enab- 
ling it  to  be  harvested  earlier  when  it  is  desired  to  follow  the  crop  by 
some  irrigated  crop  like  corn,  cotton,  or  cowpeas.  The  berry  is  of  fair 
quality,  but  it  is  not  particularly  recommended  for  brewing  purposes. 

This  type  has  been  under  trial  since  1905.  The  seed  originally 
came  from  Algeria,  where  it  is  grown  on  the  saline  soils  of  the  Sahara 
Desert.  It  is  grown  there  under  irrigation,  but  the  irrigation  water 
itself  is  saline.  Under  those  conditions  it  succeeds,  while  other  plants 
fail.  For  these  reasons  it  may  be  somewhat  more  alkali  resistant  than 
our  common  sort.  It  is  regarded  as  a  barley  of  great  promise  and 
can  be  highly  recommended. 

The  average  yield  on  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  Station  for  the  past 
five  years  has  been  64.4  bushels  per  acre,  while  common  barley  under 
similar  conditions  has  yielded  49.6  bushels. 

In  the  Sacramento  Valley  the  average  yield  for  1908-11,  inclusive, 
has  been  51.5  bushels  per  acre. 


11 


The  observations  of  one  grower  of  considerable  acreage  in  Riverside 
County  may  be  summarized  as  follows :  It  matured  two  weeks  earlier 
than  common  barley ;  the  grain  was  full  and  plump,  while  the  common 
was  "shoe  pegged."  The  yield  of  all  barley  was  low,  the  average 
about  seven  sacks.  On  this  land,  Beldi  exceeded  the  common  barley 
by  one  sack  to  the  acre  on  400  acres.  The  precipitation  was  only  8 
inches  and  the  ground  in  poor  condition.  The  land  had  been  farmed 
annually  to  barley  for  five  years.  He  states  further:  "I  believe  it 
is  the  proper  seed  for  us  to  use  when  the  rainfall  is  as  low  as  8  inches. ' ' 

Another  correspondent  from  near  Paso  Robles  wTrites  as  follows : 
"We  experimented  with  Beldi  barley  and  believe  it  to  be  the  most 


Fig.  10.     Beldi  Barley, 
three-eighths  size. 


Fig.  11.     Hannchen  Barley, 
full  size. 


12 


profitable  variety  to  raise  in  our  section.  We  sowed  144  acres,  one- 
half  to  Beldi  barley  and  the  other  to  very  good  seed  barley  (common) 
purchased  in  the  Salinas  Valley.  The  Beldi  in  this  field  averaged 
14.4  sacks  per  acre  against  9.36  sacks  of  the  common.  The  Beldi  tract 
is  very  much  lighter  in  color  and  of  heavier  weight,  111  pounds  per 
sack  as  against  105  of  the  ordinary  barley. ' ' 

Hannchen. — This  is  a  two-row  barley.  The  plant  is  of  rather 
peculiar  habit,  rather  late  in  starting  its  growth,  but  nevertheless  very 
heavily  stooling  and  has  comparatively  few  leaves,  and  these  are  near 
the  ground.    It  possesses  a  rather  stiff  straw  which  stands  up  well,  but 


Fig.  12.     Hannchen, 
one-half  size. 


Fig.  13.     Tennessee  Winter 
Barley. 


13 

the  grain  does  not  easily  shatter.  The  beards  are  often  shed.  The 
kernels  are  relatively  small;  excellent  in  weight,  form,  and  of  light 
yellow  color,  very  finely  wrinkled  and  with  thin  skin.  It  ripens  early, 
but  is  not  as  early  as  Beldi.  It  is  particularly  recommended  for  light, 
warm,  and  rich  soils,  and  for  high  altitudes.  It  is  of  good  brewing 
quality. 

This  is  a  pedigreed  type,  originally  developed  at  the  Swedish  Seed 
Breeding  Institute  in  Svalof  by  Dr.  Nilsson. 

It  has  been  under  trial  on  the  California  Station  since  1905,  and 
has  uniformly  produced  high  yields. 

The  average  yield  on  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  Station  has  been  54 
bushels  per  acre  against  49.6  bushels  per  acre  for  the  common  barley. 

In  the  Sacramento  Valley  this  type  has  averaged  54  bushels  per 
acre  against  50.4  for  the  common  barley. 

White  Smyrna. — This  barley  is  an  early  maturing  sort  of  the  two- 
row  type.  It  has  a  relatively  weak  straw  and  is  somewhat  given  to 
lodging  when  the  growth  is  heavy.  It  matures  about  five  days  earlier 
than  the  common  barley  and  in  this  respect  resembles  Hannchen. 
The  grain  is  large,  plump,  well  formed,  very  bright,  and  has  a  yellow- 
ish color,  and  is  of  good  weight.  It  threshes  practically  free  of  beards. 
On  account  of  the  brittleness  of  the  straw  just  below  the  head  it  is 
not  as  well  adapted  to  regions  where  the  atmosphere  is  very  dry  as 
the  Hannchen  variety.  It  is  probable  that  this  barley  is  well  adapted 
to  the  coast  sections. 

This  variety  was  secured  in  Smyrna,  Asia  Minor,  by  Mr.  George 
C.  Roeding,  of  Fresno,  and  has  been  grown  systematically  upon  the 
California  station  since  1902  with  very  satisfactory  yields.  In  the 
San  Joaquin  Valley  the  average  yield  has  been  59.5  bushels  per  acre. 
At  the  University  Farm,  Davis,  the  average  yield  for  four  years  has 
been  46.2  bushels  per  acre. 

Tennessee  Winter. — This  belongs  to  the  six-row  class  of  barleys 
and  is  particularly  adapted  to  early  seeding.  It  should  be  seeded  in 
December  to  secure  the  best  results.  In  its  early  growth  its  foliage 
is  of  a  light  bluish-green  color  and  somewhat  spreading  in  character. 
It  does  not  easily  shatter  and  the  berries  are  large,  well  formed,  and 
of  good  weight. 

It  has  only  been  tried  in  the  Sacramento  Valley  and  has  usually 
been  seeded  too  late  to  be  under  the  most  favorable  conditions.  It 
is  adapted  particularly  to  the  northern  part  of  the  State,  particularly 


14 

the  higher  altitudes.     The  average  yield  since  1907,  at  Davis,  under 
rather  unfavorable  conditions,  has  been  57.7  bushels  per  acre. 

Mansury. — This  barley  is  of  the  six-row  type,  very  uniform  in  its 
character  of  growth.  The  leaves  are  relatively  broad,  long,  and  thick ; 
the  straw  is  very  thick,  thus  preventing  lodging.  In  heavy  winds  it 
shatters  badly.  It  is  best  adapted  to  regions  of  little  wind  during  the 
ripening  period.  The  grain  is  of  bluish  color,  of  medium  size,  and 
of  excellent  quality.     It  should  be  seeded  early. 


Fig.  14.     Mansury, 
three-eighths  size. 


Fig.  15.    Burt  Oat, 
three-eighths  size. 


15 


1  -'W 

■f      f J 

1 

Hi 

fl 

H^1 

(If  1 

1% 

■Fn 

1 VI  ] 

I      <jl 

F:g.  16.     Red  Algerian, 
three-e;ghths  s'ze. 


Fig.  17.     S:xty-day  Oat, 
three-eighths  s:ze. 


16 


OATS 


Burt. — A  variety  with  a  medium  small,  slender,  dark  gray  berry. 
It  ripens  about  twelve  days  earlier  than  the  common  (Texas  Red). 
It  is  the  most  rapid  grower  of  any  we  have  had  under  trial  upon  the 
experimental  grounds.  It  can  be  seeded  relatively  late.  This  oat 
has  averaged  to  yield,  in  the  Sacramento  Valley,  about  20  per  cent 
more  than  the  common  oat.  This  variety  is  highly  recommendedr 
especially  for  late  seeding. 

Red  Algerian. — This  type  of  oat  is  very  similar  to  the  common 
red  oat  grown  in  California,  but  has  averaged  to  yield  about  7  per 
cent  more  under  the  same  condition.  It  is  adapted  to  the  region  in 
which  oats  are  commonly  grown  in  the  State. 

Sixty  Day. — The  berries  of  this  oat  are  small,  slender,  and  very 
tapering,  white  in  color  and  of  fair  bushel  weight.  It  possesses  a 
stiff  straw  and  does  not  lodge  easily.  The  color  of  the  plant  is  some- 
what darker  than  that  of  the  Burt,  but  lighter  than  that  of  the  common 
red  oat.  It  is  particularly  adapted  for  early  seeding  and  does  not 
fill  well  if  seeded  late.  Its  average  production  is  about  33  per  cent 
more  than  the  common  oat  under  similar  conditions  and  early  seeding. 


